The oldest surviving part of the church is the centre of the nave, built of stone in the early medieval period. During the 1600s and 1700s the building was significantly altered: it was extended to the east and west, the sacristy and porch were enlarged, and the chancel was given a three-sided end. A wooden bell-tower was added around 1710, followed by a low western tower in wood during the 1700s, replacing an earlier freestanding bell-stage in the churchyard.
A visitation record from 1705 reportedly described the building as being in such poor condition that both preacher and congregation faced considerable danger inside, and it was suggested the church be demolished and merged with the church at Tarsled. This never happened; instead Fölene kyrka was restored, while Tarsled's church was itself demolished around 150 years later.
Inside, the church retains a strong baroque character. The pulpit, with painted flower-urn decoration in its panels and an elaborately carved sound-canopy, dates from around 1700; one source attributes the canopy specifically to woodcarver Michael Schmidt, added in 1741. The altarpiece with its crucifix is of a similar period, while the font, carved from sandstone with interlace ornament, is considerably older, probably from the 1100s or 1200s.
A thorough restoration took place in the late 1940s, strengthening the foundations, particularly beneath the sacristy and chancel, and introducing a new floor, ceiling and electric heating. Further internal renovation followed in 1989 and 1991, when the walls were investigated before repainting: beneath many layers of old paint and plaster, restorers found fragments of earlier decorative painting resembling the figures on the pulpit panels, believed to predate the eastward extension of the nave in the 1600s.
Among the church's furnishings are an old alms chest, a long stick once used to wake dozing worshippers during services, a monk's chair, and a tall case clock from the 1700s. The church also has a small mechanical organ on the west gallery, installed in 1980, and a single bell in the tower cast in 1861. Preserved stables for churchgoers' horses still stand beside the churchyard.