The church began as a Romanesque stone building in the 1100s. The chancel was extended eastward in the early 1400s, and vaulting was added later that century. In the 1480s the workshop of Albertus Pictor decorated the ceiling with biblical scenes in lime paint, including a notable depiction of Samson slaying a lion. These paintings were never whitewashed over, which is why they survive today in unusually good condition.
A major rebuilding took place in the 1630s, when the church was extended southwards and given a second aisle, along with a new sacristy. At the same time, a burial chapel was built to the east for Field Marshal Lars Kagg and his family, designed by the architect Erik Dahlbergh and completed externally by 1666, the year after Kagg's death in 1661. The chapel's decorative plasterwork is attributed to Carlo Carove.
The 1800s brought a period of decline: the original tower collapsed and the south aisle had to be demolished. Between 1885 and 1888 the church was substantially rebuilt to its current form, a three-aisled neo-Gothic brick basilica, to designs by Axel Herman Hägg with input from Adolf Kjellström. At around 67 metres in length, it is often cited as one of the largest and most imposing rural churches in Sweden.
Among the furnishings, a 15th-century altar cabinet and a pulpit dating from 1662 stand out. Seven oil paintings in the church are said to have come to Floda as war booty, given by Lars Kagg around 1637. Portraits on display include one of Olof Larsson of Bie Östergård, Speaker of the Peasant Estate, painted by Carl Fredric von Breda.
The church has had several organs over the centuries, including instruments built in the 1600s and 1700s. The current mechanical organ dates from 1888, built by Åkerman & Lund of Stockholm, and stands on a gallery in the chancel; a separate choir organ was added in 1978.
The churchyard's older section, on the slope south of the church, is thought to have been used for burials since the 1100s, while a newer, more regularly laid-out section lies to the north. A burial chapel built in the 1930s stands in the newer part but is no longer in use.