The oldest parts of the church, the west tower and nave, are thought to date from the early 1100s and are built in the Romanesque style. A dendrochronological analysis of timber built into the tower staircase showed the wood came from trees felled in the winter of 1116–1117, making Örberga one of the country's oldest churches, though nearby Herrestad church is dated slightly earlier, to 1112. The cross-shaped chancel was added in the 1200s in Gothic style, possibly built with labour from the nearby Alvastra monastery.
The tower is a notable feature, flanked by two stair turrets, and has been compared to the more famous tower at Husaby church, though on a smaller scale. The original medieval spire burned down in 1750 and was replaced by the present three-tiered spire, built by master builder Petter Frimodig.
Inside, the ceiling is decorated with elaborate medieval wall paintings, some of which were retouched during the 19th century. A stone altar dates from the church's original construction, and there is a limestone font from a Gotland workshop of the 1200s, as well as a later font made in Vadstena in 1690. An oak altar cabinet of North German workmanship from the first half of the 1400s is also among the church's furnishings.
The churchyard contains fragments of carved runestone-decorated grave coffins, known as Eskilstuna coffins, a type found fairly commonly in churches of the Dal district, and probably associated with high-status burials. A stone tithe barn, likely also from the 1200s, still stands in the churchyard; it has been used in more recent times as storage and overnight shelter for travellers, and reportedly houses a collection of early medieval stone slabs.
The churchyard is also the burial place of Dag, infant son of the writer Verner von Heidenstam and Greta Sjöberg, who died a day after his birth; the family lived nearby at Naddö at the time.