The oldest parts of the building date from around 1200 and are generally attributed to monks from the Cistercian monastery at Herrevad, founded in 1144, which is thought to have held land and clerical responsibility in the area. Historical records suggest neither Tåstarp nor neighbouring Munka Ljungby had its own resident priest, so it is likely that monks travelled from the main monastery to conduct services here.
The earliest church consisted of a nave with a narrower, lower chancel and a semicircular apse to the east, entered through a porch on the south side. The building originally had no vaulting; this was added during the fifteenth century, and the two oldest vaults are decorated with painted borders resembling work found in the nearby church at Barkåkra. Traces of faded painted crosses on the north wall of the front vault are thought to mark consecration points from the church's dedication, though other painted texts nearby remain illegible.
The church was extended westward during the eighteenth century, and in 1829 a granite tower replaced an earlier freestanding bell frame. A major restoration in the mid-twentieth century uncovered the old consecration crosses and other painted decoration beneath later limewash.
Among the furnishings, the sandstone font is contemporary with the church's earliest phase and carries carved ram and human heads, while an octagonal brass christening dish dates from the seventeenth century. The pulpit, dated 1619, bears the monogram of the Danish king Christian IV and carved figures of the four evangelists; the altarpiece, from the seventeenth century and reworked in 1776, depicts scenes from the Passion, including Gethsemane, the crucifixion and the resurrection. A medieval triumphal crucifix, thought to have originally hung in the chancel arch, also survives.
During restoration work on the altar in 2006, a small lead reliquary was discovered hidden beneath the altar slab, dating from the medieval period; it is now displayed in a cabinet in the nave. The church also preserves an eighteenth-century gravestone set into the chancel's north wall, marking a burial once located in front of the altar, and a notably old poor box in the porch.
The present organ was built in 1978 by Mårtenssons Orgelfabrik in Lund, incorporating an older façade from 1853 that had been removed decades earlier and was later reinstated. The tower holds two bells, cast in 1775 and 1833.