The story of Starrkärrs kyrka stretches back to a medieval stone church, probably built in the 1200s, which had a nave and a small vaulted, rectangular chancel, a shingled roof and a freestanding bell tower. Its vaults were once decorated with paintings of the Virgin and Child, and a seventeenth-century vicar recorded rather disapprovingly that monks and nuns were depicted kissing one another, which he considered unseemly in a church.
By the early 1700s this medieval building had become too small and dilapidated, but the economic strain of the Great Northern War delayed any rebuilding. Work on a replacement finally began in 1721, though cost-cutting during construction led to early problems: by 1728 the new fittings were already badly affected by fungus. Its tower proved similarly troublesome, requiring rebuilding in the 1760s and again in the 1830s. Inspectors eventually concluded that the whole church, aside from the newly finished tower, was not worth repairing, and recommended building afresh — resulting in the present church of 1842. The most recent significant renovation took place in 2000, when the interior was repainted, the floor renewed, the chancel enlarged and new facilities added beneath the gallery.
Among the church's furnishings is a Renaissance-style pulpit made in 1682 and altered in 1738, with a carved angel above it donated to the church in 1703. The medieval font is of particular interest: carved from soapstone in the 1200s, it was given to the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm in 1868. It is regarded there as a defining example of the so-called Starrkärr school of stone carving, with related fonts known at Vallda and Stråvalla churches. A wooden copy of the original now stands in its place, having in 2000 replaced an earlier modern font from 1960.
The church's organ history reflects several rebuildings typical of Swedish parish churches: an original instrument from 1865 was replaced in 1910, and again in 1961, when the current organ was built incorporating some older pipework and possibly retaining an earlier case front. A separate small chancel organ, installed in 1969, was later removed in 2010.