Rogslösa church stands on the fertile plain between Lake Vättern and Lake Tåkern, its tall tower and substantial mass visible across the surrounding farmland. Built mainly of limestone, with a timbered porch on the south side of the nave, the church is thought to have begun as an 11th century timber stave church, to which a Romanesque stone tower was added in the 12th century, before before 1213. A chamber on the tower's upper floor, an emporium, was originally reserved for a king or local nobleman to observe services from above.
During the later 13th century the wooden walls were replaced with stone, and the church was extended with the help of lay brothers from Alvastra Abbey, who added a new chancel with a triple window in Cistercian style and a transept with a handsome gable. The chancel and transept were given barrel vaults, while cross vaults were added to the nave, possibly also within the 1200s.
The church's most celebrated feature is the so-called Rogslösa door, set within the porch entrance. Made of wood with elaborate wrought-iron ornament attributed to an unknown craftsman known as the Rogslösa Master, dendrochronological analysis suggests the timber was felled around 1275. Its decoration includes lilies, leaves and rings, along with a hunting scene inspired by the legend of Saint Eustace at the top, and a depiction of the Fall of Man, with Eve, the tree of knowledge and the serpent, at the bottom; the archangel Michael's battle with the dragon can also be traced among the ironwork.
Inside, a 15th century triumphal crucifix of local workmanship hangs in the chancel arch, and the chancel is dominated by a North German carved altarpiece from the same century, with a medieval altar slab beneath it. A Gustavian-style pulpit stands beside the chancel, though sources note a further pulpit was supplied in 1797. Two galleries were built in the 18th century to increase capacity, their fronts decorated with painted hearts attributed to the church painter Sven Gustafsson Stoltz of Vadstena, who produced similar work at Högby church. A stone tower room, now incorporated into the church interior, houses a small museum of stonework alongside a medieval gravestone and a large ceremonial helmet.
The building underwent extensive change in the 18th and 19th centuries, when large windows replaced smaller medieval openings, the original south porch was removed, and interior walls and vaults were whitewashed or plastered over, obscuring earlier medieval paintings, of which only fragments survive. A significant restoration around 1959, led by the architect Erik Lundberg, reinstated a porch of similar appearance to the original and introduced new pews and fittings, shaping much of the interior seen by visitors today.