The medieval church that once stood here was built of limestone and partly of granite, but on 28 May 1771 a major fire swept through Mjölby, destroying the church, the vicarage and its archives along with most of the furnishings. Only the tower survived. A new church, built largely of brick with the old stone tower incorporated, was constructed between 1772 and 1777 to designs approved by the Överintendentsämbetet (the royal office of buildings), and was consecrated on 26 June 1779.
The building has been altered more than once since then. A substantial renovation in 1906–1907, overseen by architect Agi Lindegren, introduced a coffered ceiling and reworked the pulpit, while a 1944 remodelling under architect Kurt von Schmalensee replaced that ceiling with a plain barrel vault and gave the sacristy its present form. The copper roof dates from 1958, and a further exterior and interior restoration saw the church reopened in October 2007, when it reportedly regained the colour scheme it had after the 1906 works.
The chancel's three windows, added in 1968 (with further lower nave windows following in 1969), are the church's most distinctive feature. Designed by the German artist Charles Crodel and made by the Munich firm Franz Mayer, they depict the Trinity and scenes from the Old and New Testaments, and give the interior a notably modern character within its older shell.
The altarpiece, showing Christ in Gethsemane, is by an unknown artist. The font's limestone bowl, carved with flowers, birds and foliage, belongs to a group produced in Skänninge and Vadstena in the mid-to-late seventeenth century. A crucifix on the south wall was carved in the 1930s by the Linköping sculptor W. Enelius. Among the textiles kept by the church are two eighteenth-century chasubles and a pair of early nineteenth-century black silk chalice veils with silver embroidery.
The church's tower holds three bells, the largest cast in 1772 by Elias Annell of Norrköping; a smaller bell was recast in 1905 using metal originally from Sörby kyrka. The present organ, a mechanical instrument of 28 stops built in 1989 by A. Mårtenssons Orgelfabrik, reuses the façade of an 1859 organ by Sven Nordström, reflecting the building's layered history of rebuilding and renewal.