Runestones from the eleventh century found in the surrounding district suggest the area was among the earliest in the region to adopt Christianity. A stone church is thought to have stood on this site since at least the 1200s, built in Romanesque style with a narrower chancel and a modest south doorway. The powerful tower was added in the later thirteenth century and apparently served defensive purposes, its walls cutting into the earlier nave gable.
Substantial rebuilding followed in the fourteenth century, when most of the church except the tower was demolished and replaced with the present nave and chancel, unified as a single hall-like space. The star vaults that now cover the interior, along with the porch and the tower's brick bell storey with its curved, shingle-clad cap, were completed by the late 1400s, giving the church essentially its current external form.
Inside, the church preserves fittings from several periods. The pulpit and other furnishings date largely from the early 1600s, while the nineteenth century brought enlarged windows and a reordering of the floor. A thorough restoration in 1949–1950 gave the interior much of its present appearance, with whitewashed walls, a grey-green colour scheme for the fittings, and a new baptismal chapel arranged in the base of the tower — a space that had served a similar purpose since medieval times.
Among the church's furnishings is a font bowl carved around 1250 from Gotland limestone, its base decorated with carved heads, and a wooden triumphal crucifix of similar age missing its arms and cross. A silver crucifix on the altar, said to have been a seventeenth-century gift from Ebba Brahe, was stolen in a burglary in the 1950s but later recovered in a field. Carved figures on the chancel wall, including a Madonna and saints, are remnants of a fifteenth-century altar cabinet that once stood on the high altar.
The church's history also includes a brief threat to its survival: an 1866 royal resolution ordered Kulla church closed for worship, but local parishioners kept it maintained and continued holding services there until it was fully restored in the mid-twentieth century. The current organ, installed in 1957, replaced an earlier instrument borrowed briefly from Uppsala Cathedral for the 1950 Bach anniversary celebrations.