The present church was built between 1839 and 1845 to designs by the architect Samuel Enander, in a restrained neoclassical style. It has a rectangular nave with a straight-ended chancel to the east, a west tower, and a narrower sacristy attached behind the chancel. The stone structure is rendered and limewashed white, with round-arched windows along each side and a dark, folded-sheet-metal roof; the tower is topped by a concave spire and a small square lantern.
The church that stood here before it was a timber building erected in 1654 at Karbenningby, about two kilometres to the east, and was recorded in an 18th-century description of Västmanland. As the parish grew, the old church became too small and was demolished a few years after its replacement opened. Its painted wooden ceiling, dating from 1710, was sold at auction in 1847 but survived locally and can still be seen, reportedly installed in two farmhouses in the district.
Inside, the church's appearance owes much to a 1903 restoration overseen by the architect Agi Lindegren, which introduced the current open pews, wooden floors, and a redecorated interior; the pulpit was rebuilt and moved to the north wall, and the present altarpiece was installed at the same time, with an altar painting by Olle Hjortzberg. A further restoration in 1945–46 gave the barrel-vaulted ceiling its present cloud-like painted finish, and later work in the 1980s and early 2000s brought further changes to fittings, flooring and services.
The font is the oldest furnishing, carved from two blocks of limestone around 1500 and decorated with low-relief roses and clover leaves; a silver liner was donated to the church in 1947. The pulpit, carved by O.L. Dahlman of Västerås, was inaugurated alongside the new church in 1845 and was originally positioned above the altar before being relocated and gilded during the 1903 works.
The church has had a series of organs, from a small positive organ built by the Cahman workshop in 1701 through several later instruments; the current gallery organ dates from 1946 and incorporates some pipework from its 1885 predecessor, alongside a smaller 1973 chancel organ.
In 2014, Karbennings kyrka stood close to the northern edge of the fire front during the major Västmanland wildfire, on its fifth day.