The church's origins lie in a timber stave church, to which a stone tower, or westwork, was added in the 11th century, flanked by two slender round towers—an arrangement unique in Sweden and inspired by Carolingian architecture. Around the mid-to-late 11th century the stave church was replaced by the present stone nave with its apsed chancel, built in Romanesque style from dressed sandstone, and the tower was raised further at around the same time.
Vaulting was added in the chancel and nave, variously dated to the 14th or 15th century depending on the source, and decorated with painted scenes. These paintings were later limewashed over, probably in the 18th century, and uncovered again during restoration works around 1901. In the nave the medieval paintings were found badly damaged and were substantially repainted with biblical scenes at that time, while the chancel's older paintings survived in better condition and were only refreshed.
A notable chancel screen separates the choir from the nave; the present screen dates from 1670–71, replacing a medieval predecessor. Nearby stands a 13th-century Gothic triumphal crucifix, along with a stone bishop's chair and a monk's bench of similar age—among the oldest furnishings in any Swedish church. An aumbry or possible communion window from the medieval period survives in the chancel's south wall.
The large altarpiece, a gift from Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie of Läckö, is dated by sources to either 1671 or 1679 and has been attributed to the Flemish sculptor Georg Baselaque. It replaced an earlier 14th-century Madonna panel, which survives within an altar group alongside 15th-century carvings. Two further carved oak altar cabinets from the 14th or 15th century (accounts differ) remain in the chancel, depicting God the Father with saints Catherine and Dorothea, and Mary Magdalene flanked by Saint Lars and Saint Sigfrid. The sandstone font, carved with a lily motif and Latin inscription, is generally dated to the early 13th century.
The floors of the nave, chancel and apse are covered with grave slabs, and two old stone graves lie outside the main door, one identified as a bishop's grave; local tradition also associates them with Olof Skötkonung and Bishop Unni, though this cannot be confirmed. A short distance east of the church is St Sigfrid's spring, traditionally held to be the site of Olof Skötkonung's baptism by the English missionary bishop Sigfrid, an event that would make Husaby Sweden's first episcopal seat—though the exact historical organisation of this early mission remains uncertain.