The church's tower is the oldest surviving part of the building, believed to date from the thirteenth century and originally part of a Romanesque medieval church with a nave, chancel and apse. A seventeenth-century antiquarian's pen drawings of the earlier building give some idea of what that older church looked like, including what may have been a porch on the south side of the nave.
By the late eighteenth century, many of Öland's medieval churches were considered too small and in poor repair, and Högsrum's congregation had been contemplating a new building since 1772. Work finally went ahead in the early 1820s to designs by Carl-Gustaf Blom-Carlsson, with Leonard Lindman as master builder. The medieval tower was retained, while a new limestone nave, chancel and sacristy were built in an Empire-influenced style. In 1840 the tower itself was remodelled, gaining an eight-sided timber lantern to house the bells, topped with a cross.
Inside, the church has the character of a plain hall church with a wooden barrel vault, lit generously through tall round-arched windows in keeping with Enlightenment-era ideas about light and simplicity. Although the overall impression is neoclassical, a few later Gothic Revival touches appear in the furnishings, most notably the pulpit added in 1886, whose octagonal panels carry painted images of holy figures.
The altarpiece, installed in 1853, depicts the Deposition from the Cross and is a copy after an altarpiece in Kalmar Cathedral; it was made by a joiner born locally in Högsrum. Other notable fittings include a red polished limestone font from 1704 and a crucifix dated to the late fifteenth century, one of the older surviving objects from the medieval church. Along the south wall of the churchyard, fragments of the earlier church's limestone pillars can still be seen, a tangible link to the building that once stood on the site.
The church's first organ was built in 1897 by the Örebro firm E. A. Setterquist & Son, with a Gothic Revival case designed by Gustaf Pettersson; the instrument's internal disposition was later altered in the 1960s.