The church is thought to originate in the 1200s, with a Gothic tower added in the following century. Sources note that in 1767 the building was nearly demolished, but local parishioners resisted and the church survived. The most significant later reworking took place in 1905, when the altarpiece, font and pews were reordered as part of a renovation.
Originally the church had two entrances: one on the south side for men, and one on the north, traditionally associated with women and sometimes called the 'Mary side'. The north doorway has since been walled up, while the southern entrance was widened into the broad arched doorway used today. The tower also once had a west-facing entrance, now similarly blocked. An inscription on the tower's south-west corner records the date 1827, apparently marking a repair.
The oak altarpiece dates from the early 1500s and depicts scenes from the Crucifixion; it is said to have come originally from Lübeck, with the carving of the figures' clothing helping to date it. The pulpit has stood in the church since 1580. The font is medieval and came from Östra Tunhem's medieval church in Västergötland — possibly the oldest object in the building, and thought by some accounts to be the church's first font.
Other furnishings include brass chandeliers made in the late 19th century, and wall sconces dated to the 1700s that came from Storkyrkan in Stockholm, arriving at Gödelöv during the 1905 renovation. Two framed silver wreaths are mounted in the vault on either side of the pulpit; these were made by tenant farmers and labourers on the Björnstorp estate as a gesture of gratitude towards their deceased manor lords.
The church has had at least two organs: one built in 1871 by Sven Fogelberg of Lund, and the current pneumatic instrument built in 1948 by A. Mårtenssons Orgelfabrik of Lund. The church seats around 65 people.