The church was built to serve the growing population of Majorna, who had previously worshipped in a series of makeshift and temporary buildings, including a converted materials shed that served as the parish church for over thirty years. That earlier building, along with the older Varvskyrkan, was demolished or lost to fire before Carl Johans kyrka was completed. Designed by architect Fredrik Blom and built of grey stone with a portal cut from Gotland sandstone, the new church was consecrated on 3 December 1826 by Bishop Carl Fredrik af Wingård, becoming the first permanent church in Majorna.
The building takes the form of a long nave with a square tower at the centre of its southern side, and apse-shaped extensions at each end, one of which serves as the chancel. Twelve columns arranged in two rows support the side galleries. The church's appearance has changed considerably over time: a major restoration in 1900 gave the tower its present copper-clad lantern and altered much of the exterior and interior layout, while further restorations in 1912, 1938 and 1988 brought new decoration, an altered altar position and, eventually, new practical spaces built into the western end beneath the organ gallery.
Among the church's furnishings is an altarpiece depicting the Ascension, alongside an older altarpiece rescued from the fire that destroyed the historic Varvskyrkan in 1820; this earlier work is thought, though not confirmed, to be a copy after a Flemish painter, possibly Anthonis van Dyck. A floor clock salvaged from the same fire is also kept in the church. The façade is decorated with King Carl XIV Johan's gilded monogram, and the king himself is said to have donated silver, vestments and a red velvet chasuble to the church.
A distinctive feature is the votive ship hanging inside the church, a model of the barque Örnen af Göteborg, presented in 1950 by a former pupils' association. The gallery organ, rebuilt in 1955 by the Hammarberg workshop, incorporates material from an earlier 1863 instrument, while a smaller organ near the choir was moved here in 1981 from a chapel at the western cemetery.