The church began life in the later 12th century as the church of a Benedictine nunnery, said to have been founded on what was then an island in Ringsjön, known as Bosö, reputedly by the nobleman Tord Thott and favoured by the Archbishop of Lund. A papal document of 1181 confirming the convent's privileges is the earliest known record of Bosjökloster.
The surviving building was originally a Romanesque structure of hewn local sandstone, with a tall nave, chancel and apse and small, high-set windows. The nave's unusual height allowed the nuns to follow the mass from a hidden gallery, reached by a passage from the convent buildings, separate from the parish congregation who entered through the porch to the north. The nave was later lowered from around ten metres to roughly six, and vaulting was added in the 15th century.
After the Reformation the convent passed to the Crown and later to the noble Ulfstand family, who converted the monastic buildings into the present castle while the church remained in use. The church's altar cabinet dates from the Catholic period but was acquired and adapted by the Ulfstand family, who added biblical inscriptions and family portraits; one account credits the donation to Powel Laxmand and Thale Ulfstand in 1588. Further furnishings, including pews donated in 1601 by the widow Thale Ulfstand, reflect the family's long association with the church.,