The church's origins go back to the 12th century, when the long nave was first built. Over the following centuries it grew: a tower was added in the 14th century, a sacristy around 1400, and the chancel in the 15th century. A wooden porch shown in a 1685 drawing survived until around the 1840s restoration, when it was apparently removed. The weather vanes on the tower spire and gable, dated 1660, are thought to mark the year the current tower roof was built.
The church's present external appearance owes much to a thorough restoration in 1905 by the architect Agi Lindegren, who redesigned the façade, and further work in 1936 that introduced iron-bound doors designed by Hakon Ahlberg, who also designed the churchyard gates in 1929. Fixed pews installed in 1849 gave way in 1905 to a neo-Gothic interior, itself altered again in 1936.
Outside the church stands a rune stone that, until 1908, served as the threshold of the church door, and a second rune stone is built into the north wall of the sacristy — tangible reminders of the site's much older history.
Among the furnishings, the sandstone font, decorated with a rope-moulding and rings typical of the Mälardalen region, dates from the late 12th century, making it older than much of the building around it. The pulpit dates from 1849. The east window holds a 1936 stained-glass composition designed by Einar Forseth and made by N. P. Ringström, funded by Elsbeth Funch, depicting Bogsta church itself along with the nearby Ökna manor. Four medieval wooden sculptures, including images of Christ, Saint Olof, a Madonna, and an unidentified bishop, were recorded as still present in the 1870s but have since disappeared without trace.
The church's silver collection reflects a long and layered history: a chalice combining an early 17th-century continental stem with an 18th-century Nyköping-made foot and bowl, an oval wafer box bearing an unidentified baronial coat of arms, and a rococo flagon of 1753. Among the light fittings, a medieval iron corona later moved to Strängnäs church museum reportedly bore an inscription suggesting it originally came from nearby Sättersta church. Two bells survive: the larger, undated, is thought to be a 15th-century casting decorated with symbols including an axe and a bishop's staff, while the smaller carries an inscription recording that it was donated by King Karl XI in 1691 and recast in 1758. The current organ, built in 1907 by E A Setterquist & Son of Örebro, survives in its original mechanical form.