The original church at Viby was built in the medieval period, and during the late Middle Ages, possibly in 1421, it was widened to the south. A more substantial transformation followed in 1763–1772, when the tower was added and the timber barrel vaults now seen in the nave replaced the earlier ceiling. The sacristy to the north of the chancel dates from 1767. Today the building consists of a nave with a straight-ended chancel to the east and a tower to the west, with a sacristy on the north side and a porch to the south.
Inside, the altarpiece was assembled in 1661, combining twelve medieval sculptures of the apostles with newer paintings; it replaced an earlier medieval altar cabinet. The current pulpit dates from a 1915 renovation and was made to match the style of an older pulpit that has since been lost. Beside the pulpit stands a brass hourglass recorded in the church as early as 1729. The stone font is thought to date from the 12th century, making it one of the oldest surviving furnishings in the building.
The church has had a succession of organs. A five-stop instrument was built in 1653 by a local clergyman's son, followed by another organ installed in 1804, probably dating from the eighteenth century. The present mechanical organ, with fifteen stops, was built in 1878 by E. A. Setterquist & Son of Örebro, and has since been restored more than once, most recently in 2007–2008 when its original tonal disposition was reinstated. A smaller choir organ was added in 1995.