The original church, built in the later 1100s, consisted of a nave with a narrower apsidal chancel to the east. Unusually, a massive tower was built directly above the chancel rather than at the western end, placing Färentuna among a small group of so-called east-tower churches. In troubled times, the tower's upper storeys are said to have served as a refuge for parishioners.
The church took much of its present form in the mid-15th century, when it was extended westward by one vaulted bay. This building campaign is associated with Karl Knutsson Bonde, regent of Sweden and then owner of the whole parish, who is thought to have wanted a larger church for his eldest daughter's wedding. At this time the open timber roof was replaced with brick vaults, the narrow chancel arch was widened, and the walls and ceilings were decorated with figurative and vegetal wall paintings, along with the porch on the nave's south side.
Later centuries brought further changes: the apse was demolished in 1690 and replaced with a straight east wall, drapery paintings were added to the lower walls, and the medieval spire was removed in 1732 in favour of the tower's present onion-shaped dome with an octagonal lantern. A major restoration in 1927–1928, led by architect Sven Brandel, uncovered the medieval wall paintings that had been limewashed over since the 1680s; the rebuilt west vault was decorated with new paintings designed to harmonise with the older work.
Among the furnishings, visitors can see a late 12th-century font in grey sandstone and a mid-13th-century Romanesque figure of the Virgin, now missing its hands, crown and Child. The triumphal crucifix in the chancel arch, carved in Danzig around 1450 from walnut and oak, is closely related to a crucifix in Gdańsk's Marienkirche and remains in good condition, alongside other wooden sculptures from the same period and region, including figures of Saint George and the dragon and Saint Lars. The pulpit dates from the mid-17th century, with a canopy of 1701 commemorating the Swedish victory at Narva.
Outside, a walled churchyard with two gated entrances (stigluckor) surrounds the church, one dating from around 1640. Nearby stands a well-preserved 1905 villa that once housed the parish cantor, close to the site of a former village school, while the parsonage in the surrounding farmland dates largely from the later 19th century.