The oldest part of the building is the western section of the nave and the tower, dating from around 1200, when it was built as a Romanesque church. It was later extended eastwards, probably in the 14th century, becoming a hall church. During the 15th century a porch was added and the interior was given cross vaults; a sacristy built in the north at this time was later demolished. The present west tower dates from building work completed in 1667, though the bells continued to hang in a separate bell frame until 1750.
A more substantial remodelling took place between 1882 and 1886 under architect F. R. Ekberg, when the annex church at Läby was closed and its congregation absorbed. This added the transepts, the five-sided eastern extension and the upper part of the tower, along with buttresses at the choir and tower. The exterior was given a Neo-Romanesque character at this time. Plans for a new main entrance through the narrow west tower were abandoned after concerns that the tower could collapse. The 19th-century reworking of the interior was largely undone in a 1935 restoration led by architect Erik Fant, when much of the furnishings were also renewed.
The church's most notable feature is a series of vaulted ceiling paintings by Albertus Pictor from the 1480s, which survive in good condition; wall paintings from the same period were largely lost through later window alterations and whitewashing. The sandstone font, decorated with rich ornament on its bowl, dates from the 1100s and was made in the Mälaren region, making it older than the current building itself. A striking wooden sculpture of the apostle James, a North German work of the 1480s, stands by the pillar between choir and transept; it only came to Vänge in 1934, having previously belonged to a church in Småland.//The current pulpit, from the 1935 restoration, carries three figures by sculptor Anton Lundberg representing Faith, Hope and Charity, while a gilded dove beneath its canopy survives from an earlier pulpit of 1669. An hourglass from 1708, made by Gerhard Meijer of Stockholm, is also among the church's furnishings, along with several brass chandeliers, one of which was donated in 1772.
The two bells in the tower were recast by K. G. Bergholtz, the larger in 1881 and the smaller in 1886; the larger bell had earlier been recast in 1789, though its original age is unknown. The church organ, built in 1979, incorporates the façade of an earlier 1886 instrument and stands on a platform in the north transept.
Near the church stands the former Vänge parsonage, a listed historic building since 1993, with 18th-century wings and a timbered tithe barn on its grounds, as well as a former parish school building from 1882–83.