The church was designed by the architect Helgo Zettervall and built between 1887 and 1892, with the consecration ceremony held in the presence of the then Bishop of Linköping, Carl Alfred Cornelius. It is a three-aisled brick church with a 64-metre tower to the east, topped by a pointed spire surrounded by four smaller pinnacles known as fials. Cement was also used decoratively in several prominent places on the exterior.
Inside, the church seats around 1,400 people beneath a pointed vaulted ceiling in the nave, supported on granite pillars with cement capitals. The chancel features two star-shaped vaults. The altarpiece, painted in 1927 by Filip Månsson, depicts Christ surrounded by the four evangelists and their traditional symbols: an ox, an eagle, an angel and a lion. A carved pulpit shows images of Christ, Paul and the evangelists, while the font, designed by city architect Kurt von Schmalensee, is made of Kolmården marble decorated with gold mosaic.
Among the church's most distinctive features are its nine tall Gothic windows, each nine metres high, filled with stained glass illustrating scenes from the Gospel of Matthew. Two of these windows were created by the artist Bo Beskow. The tower holds three bells, cast with different weights, each inscribed with a biblical text.
The church has a long-standing pipe organ on the west gallery, originally built in 1892 and substantially enlarged and altered over the following century, along with a smaller mechanical choir organ installed in 1972. These instruments reflect a long history of modification rather than a single unchanged design.
Matteus kyrka underwent an extensive restoration completed in 2022, led by a Norrköping architectural firm, during which the interior was partly returned to a more original appearance, surfaces were cleaned and repaired, and old disused gas lamps were replaced with LED lighting. A new parish hall was also built adjoining the church, replacing an earlier building that was sold.