Oscar Fredriks kyrka was designed by the architect Helgo Zettervall and consecrated on Easter Sunday, 2 April 1893, by Bishop Edvard Herman Rodhe. The building master was F.O. Peterson, and construction cost around 515,000 kronor. The church takes its name from King Oscar II, who visited in 1898 and signed the guestbook.
The church stands on Dahlins berg, a hill named after a local merchant, and is built of red facing brick in a North European Gothic Revival style considered one of the finest examples of the style in Sweden. Its tower, set unusually to the side of the choir rather than at the traditional west end, rises to roughly 70 metres, making it the tallest church building in Gothenburg. The interior is unified by a soft greenish colour scheme, and none of the furnishings predate the church's construction in 1893.
The building has been restored several times, notably in 1915, 1940, 1974 and again in 2020, when the slate roof was replaced, the interior cleaned and the walls replastered.
The church's gallery organ was originally built by Salomon Molander in 1893 and has since been enlarged and rebuilt more than once, most substantially in the mid-twentieth century, giving it its current scale of over forty stops across three manuals. A smaller choir organ, playable from the gallery instrument, was added in 1953.
Nearby, in a small playground north of the church, stands a stone sculpture of a bear known as "Nalle", originally donated in 1930; the current sculpture is a later replacement after the original was damaged.