The present church was built between 1854 and 1857 to a design by the architect Johan Fredrik Åbom, replacing a wooden chapel of Saint Peter that had stood on the site since the 1640s. When the new building was completed, the earlier chapel was demolished, though its organ, bells, silverware and textiles were carried across and reused in the new church, giving continuity between the old and new places of worship.
Architecturally the church is a yellow-painted cruciform building, with a sacristy, altar and tower aligned along its central axis, a form typical of many nineteenth-century Swedish parish churches designed for large congregations. A substantial restoration in 1956–57, overseen by architects Einar Lundberg and Bengt Romare, reorganised the interior seating to accommodate around 600 places on the ground floor and a further 300 in the gallery, and relocated the pulpit.
Among the furnishings, the altar sculpture, added in 1957 and depicting a scene from the Book of Revelation, is the work of the sculptor Erik Sand. It sits beneath an eighteenth-century arch decorated with angel heads and supported on columns attributed to Hans Biskop, an older feature retained through the church's rebuilding. A wooden crucifix from the 1700s by an unknown maker hangs on the north wall, and there is also a smaller copy of Bertel Thorvaldsen's well-known Christ figure.
Older still is the church's red sandstone font, dated to 1655–56 and decorated with eight relief panels, including carved angel heads facing the altar. A striking survival from the medieval period is a ruby-red velvet chasuble decorated with a pomegranate pattern, said to have been made in Danzig and dated to the fifteenth century — a rare textile to have been preserved through several centuries and at least one church rebuilding.
To the west of the church lies the old churchyard, enclosed by a low stone wall and containing a small number of surviving gravestones; it went out of use as a burial ground in the 1890s. Alongside the church stands Råneå kyrkstad, a cluster of ten preserved church cottages, once used by parishioners travelling from outlying farms to stay overnight for services and church festivals.